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基因检测技术在检测非常罕见的遗传变异中极其不可靠

时间:2021-02-17 来源: 浏览量:1604

       BMJ杂志上发表的一项新研究,商业基因检测公司广泛使用的技术在鉴定非常罕见的变异体时“极其不可靠”,这意味着结果表明人们携带罕见的致病遗传变异体通常是错误的。

《Use of SNP chips to detect rare pathogenic variants: retrospective, population based diagnostic evaluation.》

 

基因检测技术在检测非常罕见的遗传变异中极其不可靠

       Overall, genotyping using SNP chips performed well compared with sequencing; sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were all above 99% for 108 574 common variants directly genotyped on the SNP chips and sequenced in the UK Biobank. However, the likelihood of a true positive result decreased dramatically with decreasing variant frequency; for variants that are very rare in the population, with a frequency below 0.001% in UK Biobank, the positive predictive value was very low and only 16% of 4757 heterozygous genotypes from the SNP chips were confirmed with sequencing data. Results were similar for SNP chip data from the Personal Genome Project, and 20/21 individuals analysed had at least one false positive rare pathogenic variant that had been incorrectly genotyped. For pathogenic variants in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are individually very rare, the overall performance metrics for the SNP chips versus sequencing in the UK Biobank were: sensitivity 34.6%, specificity 98.3%, positive predictive value 4.2%, and negative predictive value 99.9%. Rates of BRCA related cancers in UK Biobank participants with a positive SNP chip result were similar to those for age matched controls (odds ratio 1.31, 95% confidence interval 0.99 to 1.71) because the vast majority of variants were false positives, whereas sequence positive participants had a significantly increased risk

       当埃克塞特大学的研究人员听说,妇女被误认为BRCA1基因非常罕见的遗传变异会大大增加患乳腺癌的风险后便计划进行手术时,他们进行了一项大规模的研究。这项技术使用了来自英国生物库近50,000名参与者的数据。

       研究小组发现,在大多数情况下,该技术无法准确地检测到非常罕见的遗传变异。

研究人员检查了SNP芯片,该芯片通常测试整个基因组中成千上万个特定位点的遗传变化。尽管SNP芯片在识别可能会增加各种疾病(包括2型糖尿病)风险的常规遗传变化方面表现出色,但遗传学家早就知道它们在识别罕见变异方面的一致性较低。

       SNP技术:首先,用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增含单核苷酸多态性的基因组片段,然后用序列特异性引物进行单碱基扩增。然后将样品分析物与芯片基体共结晶,在真空管中用瞬时纳秒(10-9s)激光进行激发。SNP芯片被直接向消费者提供基因检测的商业公司广泛采用。研究人员将来自SNP芯片的数据与从更一致的下一代测序工具中获得的数据进行了比较,共有49,908名英国生物银行参与者以及另外21个人通过“个人基因组计划”分享了他们的消费者基因测试结果。

       这项新研究推测,SNP芯片在鉴定常见遗传变异方面表现出色。但是,较少的变化会导致结果可靠性降低。在十分罕见的变体中,每10万人中有不到1个人发现了导致罕见遗传病的特征,其中84%是UK Biobank参与者中的假阳性。

       在从商业客户那里获得的数据中,接受检查的21个人中有20个人至少有一个假阳性罕见罕见病致病变异体,其基因型已被错误地定型。

       埃克塞特大学基因组医学研究合著者兼讲师Leigh Jackson博士说“SNP芯片产生的罕见遗传变异的假阳性数量惊人地高。需要明确的是:使用SNP芯片检测到的非常罕见的致病变异很可能是错误的,而不是正确的。尽管一些消费者基因组学公司在将重要结果发布给消费者之前会进行测序以验证重要结果,但大多数消费者还下载了其“原始” SNP芯片数据以进行二次分析,并且这些原始数据仍然包含这些错误结果。我们的发现的含义非常简单:SNP芯片在检测非常罕见的遗传变异方面表现不佳,除非经过验证,否则其结果不得用于指导患者的医疗服务。”